IFRS 13

IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement

 

Overview: IFRS 13 represents the framework for fair value measurement required throughout other IFRS standards (for example, IFRS 9). IFRS 13 defines fair value, provides guidance for its measurement as well as sets disclosure requirements with respect to fair value.

 

SCOPE AND SCOPE EXEMPTIONS

IFRS 13 applies when another IFRS requires or permits fair value measurements (both initial and subsequent) or disclosures about fair value measurements, except as detailed below:

Exemption from both measurement and disclosure requirements:

• Share-based payment transactions within the scope of IFRS 2 Share-based Payment
• Leasing transactions within the scope of IAS 17 Leases
• Measurements that have some similarities to fair value, but are not fair value, such as:

Net realisable value in IAS 2 Inventories

Value-in-use in IAS 36 Impairment of Assets.

 

Exemption from disclosure requirements only:

• Plan assets measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 19 Employee Benefits
• Retirement benefit plan investments measured at fair value in accordance with IAS 26 Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans
• Assets for which recoverable amount is fair value less costs of disposal in accordance with IAS 36.

 

DEFINITION OF FAIR VALUE

Fair Value: measurement-date price received to sell and asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants

Price

The price is determined at measurement date under current market conditions (i.e. an exit price).

This is regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique.

Asset or liability

Fair value considers specific characteristics:

• Asset condition and location

 

• Any restrictions on the sale.

 

Transaction

Is assumed to takes place either in:

• The principal market (i.e. market with the greatest volume and level of activity), or in the absence of a principal market

 

• The most advantageous market (i.e. the market that maximises /minimises the amount received/ paid, after transaction and transport costs).

 

Market participants

Fair value of an asset or liability is measured using the assumptions that market participants would use when pricing the asset or liability (assuming they act in their own economic best interest)

Market participants do not need to be identified.

 

 

APPLICATION TO NON-FINANCIAL ASSETS

Highest and best use (HBU)

Fair value measurement of non-financial assets considers a market participant’s ability (not the entity’s) to either:

• Generate economic benefits by using the asset in its HBU
• Sell the asset to another market participant who would then use the asset in its HBU.

 

Factors to consider in determining HBU:

• Physically possible
• Legally permitted
• Financially viable.

 

Valuation premise – stand alone

If the HBU is on a stand-alone basis:

• Fair value is the price that would be received in a current sale, to a market participant, that would use the asset on a standalone basis.

 

Valuation premise – combination

If the HBU is in combination with other assets:

• Fair value is the price that would be received in a current sale. to market participants. assuming the asset will be used in combination with those assets (which are also assumed to be available to the market participants).

 

APPLICATION TO LIABILITIES AND AN ENTITY’S OWN EQUITY INSTRUMENTS

General principles

Liabilities: Assume that these would remain outstanding and the market participant transferee would be required to fulfil the obligation. The liability would not be settled with the counterparty or otherwise extinguished on the measurement date.

Entity’s own equity instruments: Assume that these would remain outstanding and the market participant transferee would take on the rights and responsibilities associated with the instrument. The instrument would not be cancelled or otherwise extinguished on measurement date

 

Whether held (or not held) by other parties as assets

 

When a quoted price for the transfer of an identical (or a similar) liability or entity’s own equity instrument is not available, and that identical (or similar) item is held by another party as an asset:

• Measure the fair value of from the perspective of a market participant that holds the identical item as an asset at the measurement date, by:
• Using the quoted price in an active market for the identical item, or if not available
• Using other observable inputs, or if not available
• Using another valuation technique (i.e. income approach, or market approach).

 

When a quoted price for the transfer of an identical (or a similar) liability or entity’s own equity instrument is not available, and that identical (or similar) item is not held by another party as an asset:

• Measure the fair value using a valuation technique from the perspective of a market participant that either:
• Owes the liability
• Has issued the claim on equity.

 

Restriction preventing transfer

The inclusion of a separate input (or an adjustment to other inputs) relating to the existence of a restriction that prevents the transfer of the item liability or entity’s own equity instrument, is not permitted when determining fair value.

The effect of such a restriction is either implicitly or explicitly included in the other inputs to the fair value measurement

 

Liabilities – Non-performance risk, and liabilities with a demand feature

Non-performance risk (NPR)

• NPR is reflected in the fair value of a liability and includes (but is not limited to) an entity’s own credit risk
• NPR is assumed to be the same before and after the transfer of the liability
• NPR considers the effect of an entity’s credit risk and any other factors that might influence the likelihood that the obligation will or will not be fulfilled. That effect may differ depending on the liability, for example:
• Whether the liability is an obligation to deliver cash (a financial liability), or an obligation to deliver goods or services (a non-financial liability)
• The terms of credit enhancements related to the liability, if any.

 

Liabilities with a demand feature (i.e. a ‘demand deposit’)

Fair value is not less than the amount payable on demand, discounted from the first date that the amount could be required to be paid.

 

 

PPLICATION TO FINANCIAL ASSETS AND FINANCIAL LIABILITIES WITH OFFSETTING POSITIONS IN MARKET RISKS OR COUNTERPARTY CREDIT RISK

 

An entity that holds a group of financial assets and financial liabilities is exposed to:

(i) Market risks

(ii) Credit risk of each of the counterparties.

 

If these are managed on either a market risk or a credit risk net exposure basis:

• The entity is permitted to apply an exception (‘offsetting exemption’) to IFRS 13 for measuring fair value. Fair value would be based on the price:
• Received to sell a net long position (i.e. an asset) for a particular risk exposure, or
• To transfer a net short position (i.e. a liability) for a particular risk exposure in an orderly transaction between market participants.

 

Fair value of this ‘offset group’ of financial assets and financial liabilities is made consistently with how market participants would price the net risk exposure

 

 

Offsetting exemption

Can only be used if the entity does all the following:

• Manages the offset group on the basis of net exposure to a particular market risk (or risks) or to the credit risk of a particular counterparty in accordance with the entity’s documented risk management or investment strategy.

 

• Provides information on that basis about the offset group to the entity’s key management personnel, as defined in IAS 24 Related Party Disclosures.

 

• Is required (or has elected) to measure the offset group at fair value in the statement of financial position at the end of each reporting period.

 

The exception does not relate to presentation.

IAS 8 Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors must be applied when using the offsetting exception

 

(i) Exposure to market risk

When using the offsetting exception:

• Apply the price within the bid-ask spread that is most representative of fair value in the circumstances to the entity’s net exposure to those market risks

 

• Ensure that the market risk (or risks) within the offset group are substantially the same:

 

• Any basis risk resulting from the market risk parameters not being identical are taken into account in the fair value measurement of the financial assets / liabilities within the offset group

 

• Similarly, the duration of the entity’s exposure to a particular market risk (or risks) arising from the financial assets and financial liabilities of the offset group must be substantially the same.

 

(ii) Exposure to credit risk

When using the offsetting exception:

• Include the effect of the entity’s net exposure to the credit risk of that counterparty’s net exposure to the credit risk of the entity in the fair value measurement when market participants would take into account any existing arrangements that mitigate credit risk exposure in the event of default.

 

Fair value is required to reflect market participants’ expectations about the likelihood that such an arrangement would be legally enforceable in the event of default.

 

 

FAIR VALUE AT INITIAL RECOGNITION

 

The transaction price is the price paid / received to acquire an asset or to assume a liability (i.e. entry price).

In contrast, fair value is the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability (i.e. exit price).

However, in many cases the transaction price will equal the fair value – however it is still necessary to take into account factors specific to the transaction and to the asset or liability

 

FAIR VALUE HIERARCHY

IFRS 13 includes a fair value hierarchy that categorises the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value into three (input) levels:

• Level 1: Observable quoted prices, in active markets
• Level 2: Quoted prices are not available but fair value is based on observable market data
• Level 3: Unobservable inputs.

 

The level of an item is based on its lowest input level

 

RECURRING OR NON-RECURRING

IFRS 13 requires specific disclosures based on whether fair value measurement is recurring (RFVM) or non-recurring (NRFVM).

RFVM and NRFVM are not defined in IFRS 13.

However, in general:

• RFVM: Fair value measurement is required at reporting date by other IFRSs (e.g. investment property, biological assets etc.)
• NRFVM: Fair value measurement is triggered by particular events/circumstances (e.g. assets held for sale under IFRS 5 etc.).

 

UNIT OF ACCOUNT

In most cases, the unit of account is not specified by IFRS 13.

Instead, the unit of account is specified by the IFRS that permits or requires fair value measurement and disclosure of the item

 

VALUATION TECHNIQUES

Must use appropriate valuation techniques in the circumstances and for which sufficient data are available to measure fair value.

Changes in the valuation technique or its application are accounted for as a change in accounting estimate in accordance with IAS 8.

Inputs to valuation techniques

• Must aim to maximise the use of relevant observable inputs and minimise the use of unobservable inputs.
• If an asset/liability measured at fair value has both a bid and ask price, the price within the bid-ask spread that is most representative of fair value is used - regardless of where the input is categorised within the fair value hierarchy.